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Radical of a module : ウィキペディア英語版
Radical of a module
In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc(''M'') of ''M''.
==Definition==
Let ''R'' be a ring and ''M'' a left ''R''-module. A submodule ''N'' of ''M'' is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient ''M''/''N'' is a simple module. The radical of the module ''M'' is the intersection of all maximal submodules of ''M'',
:\mathrm (M) = \bigcap \ \,
Equivalently,
:\mathrm (M) = \sum \ \,
These definitions have direct dual analogues for soc(''M'').

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